Where k ≈ 0.4, u *is the flow shear velocity, and U zis the wind speed at elevation z. Model and turntable are in the foreground, and spires are in the background (courtesy of Professor Bogusz Bienkiewicz photo by Gregory E. Meteorological wind tunnel, Wind Engineering Laboratory, Colorado State University. For additional materials on wind tunnel testing the reader is referred to, e.g., ASCE (1999), Reinhold (1982), and Simiu (2011). The chapter also discusses the validation of wind tunnel measurements, and their application to low-rise and tall buildings, and concludes with a description of a time-domain method for designing structural members known as Database-Assisted Design.
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While the emphasis here is on the testing of buildings in wind tunnels, it is therefore necessary to review the inter-related elements involved in the estimation of the response of buildings to wind, namely, micrometeorology, aerodynamics, similitude, wind climatology, statistics, and structural reliability. This has been the case, for example, for New York City’s World Trade Center’s twin towers, for which such differences have exceeded 40 % ( NCSTAR 1-2, Appendix D, 2004). For this reason estimates of structural response to wind can vary significantly depending upon the laboratory that provides them. If a user chooses to use ASCE 7-10 or ASCE 7-16, ASD and strength design results will be identified in the Roof Wind Designer report.The ASCE 7-10 Standard contains provisions on the use of the wind tunnel, but those provisions are incomplete. In doing so, applying a load reduction factor of 0.6 and the applicable safety factor may be appropriate. Simply put, ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16 use threeĪnd four maps respectively based on strength design in conjunction with a wind-load factor of 1.0, while ASCE 7-05 uses a single map with an importance factor and wind-load factor of 1.6.īecause ASD results sometimes are used to determine wind-uplift resistance values, a designer using ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16 may want to adjust the strength design values to ASD values. Consequently, the strength design wind-load factor was changed to 1.0 in this version. These maps provide basic wind speeds that are directly applicable for determining pressures for strength design. ASCE 7-16 uses four basic wind speed maps for different categories of building occupancies.
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To determine wind-uplift resistance loads for a roof system, you would multiple the ultimate wind loads by the ASD wind-load factor (1.0) and the appropriate safety factor.ĪSCE 7-10 uses three different basic wind speed maps for different categories of building occupancies.
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For this edition, the ASD wind-load factor is 1.0 and the strength design wind-load factor is 1.6. For each building risk category, an importance factor and wind-load factor are then applied to determine ultimate wind loads. These changes affect how you determine wind-uplift resistance.ĪSCE 7-05 uses a single basic wind speed map. Generally, roof systems are designed using ASD.Ĭomparing the 2010 edition to the 2005 edition, there was a significant change to the load factors used with wind and basic wind speed maps. Designers are given the option to use either ASD or strength design. Loads and appropriate load combinations (load factors), which were developed to be used together, are set forth in two design methods: allowable stress design (ASD) and strength design. Explanation of ASCE 7-05, ASCE 7-10, and ASCE 7-16ĪSCE 7 provides minimum load requirements for the design of buildings.